Macapat is a Javanese traditional song or poem. Each stanza
macapat has called gatra lines, and each has a number of syllables gatra
(teacher wilaryin) specified, and ends at the end of the poem sound called guru
song. Macapat with other names can also
be found in Balinese culture , Sasak ,
Madura , and Sundanese. Additionally macapat also been found in Palembang and
Banjarmasin. Usually macapat interpreted as maca papat-papat (read four-four),
which means reading every four syllables intertwined. However, this is not the
only one meaning, there are other interpretations. Macapat estimated to occur
at the end and the beginning of the influence of Majapahit Walisanga, but it
can only be said for the situation in Central Java. Because in East Java and
Bali macapat been known before the advent of Islam.
Works of classical Javanese literature from the New Mataram, generally written using metrum macapat. A writing in prose or prose is generally not regarded as literary works but only sort of 'content' alone. Some examples of literary works written in Java that includes “serat macapat Wedhatama , serat Wulangreh , and serat Kalatidha.”
Traditional Javanese poem or song is usually divided into three categories: little song, mid song and big song. Macapat classified to the category and also the little song mid song, while the Big song based kakawin or traditional Javanese poetry, but its use in New Mataram period, do not apply the difference between long-and short syllables. On the other hand mid-song could also refer to the songs, traditional poetry in Middle Javanese language.
When compared with kakawin, macapat rules in different and more easily applied using the Java language because unlike kakawin based on Sanskrit, in macapat difference between long and short syllables ignored.
Works of classical Javanese literature from the New Mataram, generally written using metrum macapat. A writing in prose or prose is generally not regarded as literary works but only sort of 'content' alone. Some examples of literary works written in Java that includes “serat macapat Wedhatama , serat Wulangreh , and serat Kalatidha.”
Traditional Javanese poem or song is usually divided into three categories: little song, mid song and big song. Macapat classified to the category and also the little song mid song, while the Big song based kakawin or traditional Javanese poetry, but its use in New Mataram period, do not apply the difference between long-and short syllables. On the other hand mid-song could also refer to the songs, traditional poetry in Middle Javanese language.
When compared with kakawin, macapat rules in different and more easily applied using the Java language because unlike kakawin based on Sanskrit, in macapat difference between long and short syllables ignored.
etymology
Macapat generally defined as maca papat-papat (read four-four), which means reading every four syllables intertwined. However, this is not the only meaning, there are other interpretations. One expert Javanese literature, Arps outlines several other meanings in his tembang in two traditions.
In addition to those mentioned above, the other meaning is that it refers to the number of pat-diacritical marks (sandhangan) in Javanese relevant in penembangan macapat.
Then according Serat Mardawalagu , which is composed by Ranggawarsita, macapat an abbreviation of the phrase maca-pat-song meaning is "intoned the fourth tone".In addition to maca-pat-song, there's more-sa-song maca, maca-ro-track and maca-tri-song. it is said that maca-sa oldest category and was created by the gods and priests revealed to Valmiki and propagated by the court poet Yogiswara of Kediri. it turns out that this category now called with the name of the Big song .Maca-ro including type big song where the number of temples per stanza (pupuh) can be less than four while the number of syllables in each stanza is not always the same and created by Yogiswara. Maca-tri or third category is mid song supposedly created by Rishi Wiratmaka, Janggala palace priests and enhanced by the Prince Panji Inokartapati and brother. and finally, macapat or little song created by Sunan Bonang and revealed to all caregivers.
Macapat generally defined as maca papat-papat (read four-four), which means reading every four syllables intertwined. However, this is not the only meaning, there are other interpretations. One expert Javanese literature, Arps outlines several other meanings in his tembang in two traditions.
In addition to those mentioned above, the other meaning is that it refers to the number of pat-diacritical marks (sandhangan) in Javanese relevant in penembangan macapat.
Then according Serat Mardawalagu , which is composed by Ranggawarsita, macapat an abbreviation of the phrase maca-pat-song meaning is "intoned the fourth tone".In addition to maca-pat-song, there's more-sa-song maca, maca-ro-track and maca-tri-song. it is said that maca-sa oldest category and was created by the gods and priests revealed to Valmiki and propagated by the court poet Yogiswara of Kediri. it turns out that this category now called with the name of the Big song .Maca-ro including type big song where the number of temples per stanza (pupuh) can be less than four while the number of syllables in each stanza is not always the same and created by Yogiswara. Maca-tri or third category is mid song supposedly created by Rishi Wiratmaka, Janggala palace priests and enhanced by the Prince Panji Inokartapati and brother. and finally, macapat or little song created by Sunan Bonang and revealed to all caregivers.
history macapat
In general, it is estimated that macapat appears at the end of the Majapahit era and the beginning of the influence of Walisanga, but it can only be said for the situation in Central Java. Because in East Java and Bali macapat been known before the advent of Islam.For example, there is a text of Bali or East Java, known under the title Song written Ranggalawe said to have been completed in the year 1334 AD. on the other hand, this chronicle is doubtful because this work is only known to a more recent version and all the manuscripts containing the text is derived from Bali.
Meanwhile the macapat age, mainly to do with kakawin, which are older, there are two different opinions. Prijohoetomo found macapat derived Gedhe kakawin with the song as an intermediary. This argument is refuted by Poerbatjaraka and Zoetmulder. According to both experts macapat as Java metrum original poem was older than kakawin. Macapat then emerged after Indian influence fade.
In general, it is estimated that macapat appears at the end of the Majapahit era and the beginning of the influence of Walisanga, but it can only be said for the situation in Central Java. Because in East Java and Bali macapat been known before the advent of Islam.For example, there is a text of Bali or East Java, known under the title Song written Ranggalawe said to have been completed in the year 1334 AD. on the other hand, this chronicle is doubtful because this work is only known to a more recent version and all the manuscripts containing the text is derived from Bali.
Meanwhile the macapat age, mainly to do with kakawin, which are older, there are two different opinions. Prijohoetomo found macapat derived Gedhe kakawin with the song as an intermediary. This argument is refuted by Poerbatjaraka and Zoetmulder. According to both experts macapat as Java metrum original poem was older than kakawin. Macapat then emerged after Indian influence fade.
structure macapat
A literature macapat usually divided into several stanzas, while each stanza is divided into several on. Each stanza uses the same metrum. Metrum is usually dependent on the nature of the text content is reported.
Amount on a per stanza vary, depending on the amount of text used. While each of the subdivided into arrays or gatra. While each array or gatra is further divided into syllables or wanda. Each gatra so it has a fixed number of syllables ending with a vowel and the same as well.
Rules regarding the use of the number of syllables is named wilaryin teacher. While the final vowel usage rules each array or gatra teacher named song.
A literature macapat usually divided into several stanzas, while each stanza is divided into several on. Each stanza uses the same metrum. Metrum is usually dependent on the nature of the text content is reported.
Amount on a per stanza vary, depending on the amount of text used. While each of the subdivided into arrays or gatra. While each array or gatra is further divided into syllables or wanda. Each gatra so it has a fixed number of syllables ending with a vowel and the same as well.
Rules regarding the use of the number of syllables is named wilaryin teacher. While the final vowel usage rules each array or gatra teacher named song.
Type metrum macapat
Raw metrum number fifteen are macapat there. Then metrum-metrum is divided into three types, namely little song, mid song and big song . Category includes nine metrum little song, song and song key six metrum big one metrum.
Raw metrum number fifteen are macapat there. Then metrum-metrum is divided into three types, namely little song, mid song and big song . Category includes nine metrum little song, song and song key six metrum big one metrum.
Naming Metrum Macapat
In Java there are some literary theory names macapat species, sometimes found that the number of metrum not the same. Difference in the amount of the inclusion of a few songs associated with mid and big song to song macapat. However, the names metrum macapat according to the type comprising tembangnya, Pucung, Mijil, durma, Kinanthi, Asmaradhana, pangkur, Sinom, Gambuh, Balabak, Jurudemung, Wirangrong and Girisa. Naming the fifteenth metrum macapat in "Laginem" describe by some good sources that are etymologi and other information, all of which presented the following,
A). Pangkur derived from the name of the retainer in the clergy as mentioned in charters of ancient Javanese language. In Serat Purwaukara, pangkur meanings tail or tails. Therefore Pangkur sometimes given sign, tut wuntat means tagging and means to follow.
B). Maskumambang derived from the word mas and kumambang. Mas of the retainer in said Premas Shaministis ceremony. Kumambang from word Kambang the insertion of the word - um. Kambang of the Threshold. Kambang means floating, also means Kembang is flowers. Threshold is related to the mean Ambangse sing or chanting. Thus, it can be given meaning Maskumambang courtier Shamanistis ceremony, mantra or sing along with the pronunciation flower offerings. In Serat Purwaukara, Maskumambang given Ulam toya that tells us freshwater fish, so sometimes intimated by painting or swimming fish.
C). Sinom is Sinoman nothing to do with the word, namely the youth associations to help people have a livelihood. Another opinion states that Sinom nothing to do with the ceremonies for children ancient times. In Serat Purwaukara, Sinom given meaning "Seskaring rambut" meaning hair child. In addition, Sinom also mean that young leaves are sometimes given cues by painting the young leaves.
D). Asmaradana derived from Asmara and Dhana. Asmara is the name of the god of love. Dhana is Dahana derived from the word which means fire. Name Asmaradana related events charred premises god of love by three eyes of Lord Shiva as mentioned in kakawin Smaradhana, "Mpu Darmaja" works. In Serat Purwaukara, Smarandana given meaning "remen ing paweweh" , meaning like giving.
E). Dhangdhanggula is taken from the name of the king of Kediri, after the famous King Dhandhanggendis prabu Jayabaya. In Serat Purwaukara, Dhandhanggula given meaning "ngajeng-ajeng kasaean", meaningful look forward goodness.
F). Durma of classical Javanese word meaning tiger. In accordance with the meaning, character or regular Song Durma used the spooky atmosphere.
G). Mijil means out. In addition, Mijil synonymous with mace or door. door (or lawang ing javanese languages) word also means the name of a type of herbs that smell fragrant flowers. The plants flower in Latin is called Heritiera littoralis.
H). Kinanthi means hand, friends, the name of the substance or object, nam interest. Corresponding meaning, the song Kinanthi character or used in an atmosphere of affectionate and happy.
I). Gambuh means know, familiar, names of plants. In this regard, the character or regular Gambuh song used in the atmosphere did not hesitate.
J). Wirangrong mean sank (sad), miserable (of misery), doubtful,. But in literary texts, Wirangrong used in a dignified atmosphere.
K). Jurudemung derived from the word meaning interpreter artisans, musicians, and demung which means the name of a gamelan equipment. Thus, it can mean Jurudemung gamelan. In Serat Purwaukara, Jurudemung given meaning "lelinggir kang landep" or knife are sharp.
L). Girisa means sleeplessness (quiet), wedi (fear), giriş (cringe). Girisa derived from Sanskrit, Girica is the name of the god Shiva is enthroned on a mountain or mountain gods, so called Hyang Girinata. In Serat Purwaukara, Girisa given meaning "boten sarwa wegah" ( not completely reluctant meaningful) so as to have the character always remember.
M). Pucung is the name of the seed intoxicated, which in Latin is called Pengium edule. In Serat Purwaukara, Pucung means "kudhuping gegodhongan" (bud leaves) which usually looks fresh. Speech laddie in Pucung tend to refer to things that are funny, which raises freshness, for example "kucung" and lackeys. So Pucung character or song used in a relaxed atmosphere.
N). Megatruh derived from the prefix am, pega and spirit. Pegat means broken, graduation, separation, divorce. And ruh mean spirit. In Serat Purwaukara, Megatruh given meaning "mbucal kan sarwa ala" (which is too bad throw). Pegat nothing to do with peget which means palace, residence. Pameget or pamegat meaningful positions. Samgat or samget mean position of experts, teachers of religion. Thus, Megatruh means officer are experts in spirituality always avoid evil deeds.
O). Balabak, in Serat Purwaukara given meaning sink or sunset. When linked with reinforcements and immortal words, can mean Balabak forces or groups Stork bird. When flying, troops Stork bird looks relaxed. Therefore Balabak character or song used in a relaxed atmosphere.
